最近在微软云上捣鼓Kubernetes集群，这事儿真是让人又爱又恨，一开始觉得，用云服务商提供的托管服务不就完了，但手痒想从更底层的地方摸清楚，就硬着头皮在Azure的虚拟机上自己搭，参考着网上一些技术博客的教程（在Azure VM上部署Kubernetes集群”这类指南）,真是一步一个坑。
首先得准备好几台虚拟机，当作节点，光是决定用啥系统镜像就纠结半天，Ubuntu还是CentOS？教程说法不一，最后选了Ubuntu，因为社区资料多，开虚拟机的时候，网络配置就晕了，要设虚拟网络、子网、安全组规则，你得放行一堆端口，像6443、2379-2380这些，都是给Kubernetes组件通信用的，一个没开，后面全卡住，安全组规则一条条添加的时候，心里直打鼓,生怕哪条开错了门户。
然后是在每台机器上装容器运行时、Kubeadm、Kubelet和Kubectl，照着官方文档或教程敲命令，看起来简单，但网络一不好，下载就慢，还容易超时，特别是拉取那些Kubernetes组件的镜像，默认源在国外，慢得让人心焦，得去找镜像加速的方法，比如换到阿里云的镜像仓库,这又是额外一堆配置。
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最头疼的是用kubeadm init初始化主节点那一步，它经常报错，提示各种各样的问题：可能是swap内存没关，可能是防火墙规则冲突，也可能是某些服务没跑起来，错误信息经常看得云里雾里，只能一行行去查日志，或者把报错信息复制到搜索引擎里，翻找别人的故障记录，有时候一个小问题能卡上半天，比如有一次卡在“cgroup驱动不匹配”上，需要修改Docker和Kubelet的配置文件，让它们统一用systemd，这种细节教程里不一定强调,全靠自己试错和查社区问答。
主节点初始化成功后，会输出一串长长的join命令，用来让工作节点加入集群，复制粘贴的时候都得小心翼翼，生怕漏了哪个token或者证书哈希，节点加入后，用kubectl get nodes一看，状态老是“NotReady”，这又得去排查，往往是网络插件还没装，在Azure的环境里，装网络插件也得注意，比如Calico或Flannel，它们的配置可能需要适配云环境的网络特性，又得去查Azure相关的文档,看有没有特别的注意事项。
集群勉强跑起来后，部署个简单应用测试，又是新挑战，怎么把服务暴露到外网？在Azure里得配置负载均衡器，这又涉及到Azure的负载均衡资源、公网IP分配，YAML文件里写个LoadBalancer类型的Service，背后是Azure在自动创建资源，但有时候IP地址迟迟分配不下来，或者健康检查失败,应用就是访问不了。
这一通折腾下来，感觉就像在拼一个极其复杂的乐高，而且说明书还不全，很多零件得自己琢磨怎么拼，但为啥还要试呢？因为亲手搭过一遍，虽然过程磕绊，但对那些抽象概念，比如Pod调度、网络模型、服务发现，有了更实在的感觉，你知道etcd藏在哪，知道API服务器是怎么交互的，知道网络流量大概是怎么走的，这种理解,是直接用托管服务无法完全获得的。
也深深体会到，为什么那么多人推荐直接用Azure Kubernetes Service（AKS），它把底层基础设施、主节点的管理都托管了，让你省下大量精力去专注应用本身，自己搭集群，更多是学习、实验性质，或者有非常特殊的定制需求，对于大多数情况，尤其是在生产环境，托管服务无疑是更理智、更经济的选择，这次折腾，算是痛并快乐着，明白了复杂背后的原理，也更懂得了“合适工具干合适活”的道理，下次如果真需要，我可能会更愿意从AKS开始，但这次折腾的经历，让我在配置和排查问题时,心里更有底了。
